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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (CR001)
Introduction
The aorta is the main trunk of the arterial system that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. An aneurysm is defined as an abnormal widening of an artery with an increase of greater than 1.5 times the normal diameter. A weakened wall of an artery is stretched as the blood is pumped through it, often creating an egg-shaped ballooning.
An aneurysm can occur in any blood vessel in the body, but most commonly occurs in the aorta. A common site for an aortic aneurysm is the part of the vessel that is immediately below the kidneys but above the iliac arteries. This is called an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).
AAA can affect anybody, but most commonly occurs in men between the ages of 40 and 70. They occur in 5-7 % of people over the age of 60 in the United States. Even children can develop them as a result of trauma or certain medical conditions.
Treatment of AAA often requires surgery in addition to medication, but depends greatly on the individual situation.
Get the Facts... With your MediFocus Guide
The Medifocus Guide on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm provides answers to the following important questions and medical issues:
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What are the most common symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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Are there any recognized risk factors for developing abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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What kinds of medical tests are used to establish the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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What is the current standard of care for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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What treatment options are available for the management of abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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Are there any promising new developments or potential breakthroughs in treatment?
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Who are the most notable medical authorities who specialize in abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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Where are the leading hospitals and centers of research for abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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What are the most important questions to ask my doctor about abdominal aortic aneurysm?
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What Your Doctor Reads:
This MediFocus Guide contains an extensive listing of citations and abstracts of recent journal articles that have been published about this condition in trustworthy medical journals. This is the same type of information that is available to physicians and other health care professionals. A partial selection of journal articles that are abstracted in this MediFocus Guide includes:
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Multiple aneurysms in childhood - case report and review of the literature.
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European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery. 2000
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Abdominal aortic aneurysms.
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Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 2000
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Acute occlusion of an abdominal aortic aneurysm--case report and review of the literature.
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Angiology. 2000
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ABC of arterial and venous disease. Arterial aneurysms.
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BMJ. 2000
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Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
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Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2000
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Thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair.
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Cardiovascular Surgery. 1999
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Abdominal aortic aneurysms: current management.
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Cardiologia. 1999
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Weighing risks in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Best repaired in an elective, not an emergency, procedure.
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Postgraduate Medicine. 1999
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Abdominal and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm.
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Surgical Clinics of North America. 1998
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The spontaneous aortocaval fistula: a complication of the abdominal aortic aneurysm. Case report and review of the literature.
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Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1998
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MediFocus Guides... When You Need Trustworthy Medical Information
MediFocus.com understands that consumers who are facing serious medical issues need access to credible, up-to-date medical information to help them make informed health-care decisions. That's why we've developed the MediFocus Guides...the most advanced and trustworthy patient research guides for over 200 chronic and life-threatening conditions. Each MediFocus Guide includes a detailed overview of the condition including information about diagnosis, treatment options, cutting-edge research, and new developments; excerpts of important journal articles from the current medical literature focusing on standard treatments and treatment options; a directory of leading authors and medical institutions who specialize in the treatment of the condition; and a listing of organizations and support groups where you can obtain additional information about the illness.
MediFocus Guides are the perfect solution for consumers who wish to gain an in-depth understanding of their medical issue and avail themselves of the same type of professional level medical information that is used by physicians and other health-care professionals to help then in the clinical decision making process.
© Copyright 2000-2001 Medifocus.com, Inc. All rights reserved.
Click here for more information.
MediFocus MedCenter ©
Angina Pectoris (CR002)
Introduction
Angina pectoris is not a disease, but rather a symptom of inadequate oxygen supply to the heart, which can result from a variety of conditions. Angina is defined as pain or pressure in the chest, beneath the breastbone, that occurs when the heart is not getting enough oxygen. Ranging in severity from mild to severe, the pain typically occurs with physical or emotional stress or extreme temperatures, and persists only a few minutes. It is often relieved by rest. Some types of angina occur at rest, however, such as Prinzmetal's or variant angina.
Angina results when blood flow to the heart muscle is inadequate (causing a condition known as ischemia) due to a number of conditions.
This ischemia causes damage to the tissue of the heart. If the artery becomes completely blocked, the damage can become severe enough that death of the heart tissue occurs. This tissue death is what is called a "heart attack" or myocardial infarction (MI). Angina is the "warning" that a person is at risk for a heart attack.
About 25% of all Americans have cardiovascular disease, and about 6,200,000 have angina. Coronary artery disease is the leading killer in American of both men and women, responsible for nearly 500,000 deaths every year. Fortunately, due to advances in prevention, diagnosis and treatment, the statistics have improved greatly in recent decades.
Get the Facts... With your MediFocus Guide
The Medifocus Guide on Angina provides answers to the following important questions and medical issues:
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What are the most common symptoms of angina?
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Are there any recognized risk factors for developing angina?
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What kinds of medical tests are used to establish the diagnosis of angina?
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What is the current standard of care for the treatment of angina?
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What treatment options are available for the management of angina?
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Are there any promising new developments or potential breakthroughs in treatment?
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Who are the most notable medical authorities who specialize in angina?
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Where are the leading hospitals and centers of research for angina?
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What are the most important questions to ask my doctor about angina?
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What Your Doctor Reads:
This MediFocus Guide contains an extensive listing of citations and abstracts of recent journal articles that have been published about this condition in trustworthy medical journals. This is the same type of information that is available to physicians and other health care professionals. A partial selection of journal articles that are abstracted in this MediFocus Guide includes:
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Sexual intercourse and stable angina pectoris.
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American Journal of Cardiology. 2000
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Spinal cord stimulation for ischemic heart disease.
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Neurological Research. 2000
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Lasers in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease.
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Annals of Medicine. 2000
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Beyond heparin and aspirin: new treatments for unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.
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Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000
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Myocardial laser revascularization: the controversy and the data.
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Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2000
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31st Bethesda Conference. Emergency Cardiac Care. Task force 2: Acute coronary syndromes: Section 2B--Chest discomfort evaluation in the hospital.
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Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000
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Contemporary management of angina: part II. Medical management of chronic stable angina.
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American Family Physician. 2000
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Unstable angina: current concepts of pathogenesis and treatment.
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Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000
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Unstable angina pectoris.
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New England Journal of Medicine. 2000
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Management of unstable angina based on considerations of aetiology.
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Heart. 1999
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MediFocus Guides... When You Need Trustworthy Medical Information
MediFocus.com understands that consumers who are facing serious medical issues need access to credible, up-to-date medical information to help them make informed health-care decisions. That's why we've developed the MediFocus Guides...the most advanced and trustworthy patient research guides for over 200 chronic and life-threatening conditions. Each MediFocus Guide includes a detailed overview of the condition including information about diagnosis, treatment options, cutting-edge research, and new developments; excerpts of important journal articles from the current medical literature focusing on standard treatments and treatment options; a directory of leading authors and medical institutions who specialize in the treatment of the condition; and a listing of organizations and support groups where you can obtain additional information about the illness.
MediFocus Guides are the perfect solution for consumers who wish to gain an in-depth understanding of their medical issue and avail themselves of the same type of professional level medical information that is used by physicians and other health-care professionals to help then in the clinical decision making process.
© Copyright 2000-2001 Medifocus.com, Inc. All rights reserved.
Click here for more information.
MediFocus MedCenter ©
Atrial Fibrillation (CR004)
Introduction
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by an irregular and rapid beating of the heart's atrial chambers and results when the normal electrical conduction system of the atria is not functioning properly. In AF, there is a storm of electrical activity across both atria causing them to fibrillate (quiver) 300-600 times per minute.
Only a small number of these impulses are picked up by the ventricles, but the ventricular rate can approach 180 or higher. Whether at high or low heart rates, the irregular rhythm renders the ventricle unable to pump efficiently. This leads to pooling of the blood within the heart and insufficient amounts of blood being supplied to the body. This can result in a variety of symptoms and problems.
AF affects approximately 2 million people, with 160,000 new cases being diagnosed each year. It is estimated that AF is responsible for over 70,000 strokes each year in the United States. The prevalence of AF increases with age.
Treatment of atrial fibrillation requires medication, and often one of a variety of surgical procedures. Cardioversion refers to the restoration of the heart's normal rhythm and is commonly the first step in treating AF. Cardioversion can be accomplished in two ways: electrically (direct-current cardioversion) or pharmacologically.
Get the Facts... With your MediFocus Guide
The Medifocus Guide on Atrial Fibrillation provides answers to the following important questions and medical issues:
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What are the most common symptoms of atrial fibrillation?
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Are there any recognized risk factors for developing atrial fibrillation?
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What kinds of medical tests are used to establish the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation?
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What is the current standard of care for the treatment of atrial fibrillation?
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What treatment options are available for the management of atrial fibrillation?
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Are there any promising new developments or potential breakthroughs in treatment?
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Who are the most notable medical authorities who specialize in atrial fibrillation?
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Where are the leading hospitals and centers of research for atrial fibrillation?
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What are the most important questions to ask my doctor about atrial fibrillation?
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What Your Doctor Reads:
This MediFocus Guide contains an extensive listing of citations and abstracts of recent journal articles that have been published about this condition in trustworthy medical journals. This is the same type of information that is available to physicians and other health care professionals. A partial selection of journal articles that are abstracted in this MediFocus Guide includes:
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Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, mechanisms, and management.
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Current Problems in Cardiology. 2000
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Quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation.
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Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000
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Atrial fibrillation in dialysis patients.
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Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 2000
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Atrial fibrillation: nonpharmacologic approaches.
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American Journal of Cardiology. 2000
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Management and prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiovascular surgery.
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American Journal of Cardiology. 2000
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Management of atrial fibrillation: therapeutic options and clinical decisions.
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American Journal of Cardiology. 2000
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Atrial fibrillation: part II.
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Harvard Heart Letter. 2000
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Appropriate outcome measures in trials evaluating treatment of atrial fibrillation.
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American Heart Journal. 2000
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Atrial fibrillation: part I.
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Harvard Heart Letter. 2000
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Nonpharmacological treatment of atrial fibrillation: a heretic's appraisal.
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Pacing & Clinical Electrophysiology. 2000
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MediFocus Guides... When You Need Trustworthy Medical Information
MediFocus.com understands that consumers who are facing serious medical issues need access to credible, up-to-date medical information to help them make informed health-care decisions. That's why we've developed the MediFocus Guides...the most advanced and trustworthy patient research guides for over 200 chronic and life-threatening conditions. Each MediFocus Guide includes a detailed overview of the condition including information about diagnosis, treatment options, cutting-edge research, and new developments; excerpts of important journal articles from the current medical literature focusing on standard treatments and treatment options; a directory of leading authors and medical institutions who specialize in the treatment of the condition; and a listing of organizations and support groups where you can obtain additional information about the illness.
MediFocus Guides are the perfect solution for consumers who wish to gain an in-depth understanding of their medical issue and avail themselves of the same type of professional level medical information that is used by physicians and other health-care professionals to help then in the clinical decision making process.
© Copyright 2000-2001 Medifocus.com, Inc. All rights reserved.
Click here for more information.
MediFocus MedCenter ©
Bacterial Endocarditis (CR005)
Introduction
Bacterial endocarditis (BE) is a serious infection of the endocardium or the heart that occurs when certain bacteria in the bloodstream adhere onto abnormal heart valves or other damaged heart tissue. The resulting infection can rapidly and severely damage the heart valves. A common causative bacteria is staphylococcus, but any organism entering the bloodstream from any site of prior infection can lead to the development of BE.
Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) occurs when bacteria lodge on damaged heart valves and produce clusters or vegetations, on the valves. Frequently symptoms of SBE are mild or vague. Pieces of these vegetations may dislodge and travel through the blood as emboli to such areas as the brain, spleen, or kidneys. SBE is usually caused by either streptococcus (other than group A) or enterococcus bacteria.
Management of BE traditionally required a lengthy hospitalization for intravenous antibiotics. The recent trend, however, is to use shorter treatment courses, oral and once-daily regimens and outpatient programs.
Prompt diagnosis, identification of the causative organism, recognition of complications, and timely initiation of effective treatment with the appropriate antibiotic is important to ensuring a good outcome. Another goal is prevention of BE in persons with increased risk due to valve or heart conditions by administering preventive (prophylactic) antibiotics prior to high-risk procedures.
Get the Facts... With your MediFocus Guide
The Medifocus Guide on Bacterial Endocarditis provides answers to the following important questions and medical issues:
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What are the most common symptoms of bacterial endocarditis?
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Are there any recognized risk factors for developing bacterial endocarditis?
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What kinds of medical tests are used to establish the diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis?
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What is the current standard of care for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis?
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What treatment options are available for the management of bacterial endocarditis?
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Are there any promising new developments or potential breakthroughs in treatment?
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Who are the most notable medical authorities who specialize in bacterial endocarditis?
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Where are the leading hospitals and centers of research for bacterial endocarditis?
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What are the most important questions to ask my doctor about bacterial endocarditis?
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What Your Doctor Reads:
This MediFocus Guide contains an extensive listing of citations and abstracts of recent journal articles that have been published about this condition in trustworthy medical journals. This is the same type of information that is available to physicians and other health care professionals. A partial selection of journal articles that are abstracted in this MediFocus Guide includes:
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Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis.
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Journal of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection. 2000
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Bacterial endocarditis and orthodontics.
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Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 2000
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Infective endocarditis: prevention, diagnosis, treatment, referral.
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Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2000
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Late aortic homograft valve endocarditis caused by Cardiobacterium hominis: a case report and review of the literature.
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Heart. 2000
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Management of bacterial endocarditis.
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American Family Physician. 2000
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Endocarditis due to group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus in children with potentially lethal sequelae: 2 cases and review.
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Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2000
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Native valve endocarditis due to Mycobacterium fortuitum biovar fortuitum: case report and review.
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Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2000
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Endocarditis caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae: case report and review of the literature.
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Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000
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Destructive native valve endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis.
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Southern Medical Journal. 1999
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Dentists are innocent: "Everyday" bacteremia is the real culprit: a review and assessment of the evidence that dental surgical procedures are a principal cause of bacterial endocarditis in children.
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Pediatric Cardiology. 1999
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MediFocus Guides... When You Need Trustworthy Medical Information
MediFocus.com understands that consumers who are facing serious medical issues need access to credible, up-to-date medical information to help them make informed health-care decisions. That's why we've developed the MediFocus Guides...the most advanced and trustworthy patient research guides for over 200 chronic and life-threatening conditions. Each MediFocus Guide includes a detailed overview of the condition including information about diagnosis, treatment options, cutting-edge research, and new developments; excerpts of important journal articles from the current medical literature focusing on standard treatments and treatment options; a directory of leading authors and medical institutions who specialize in the treatment of the condition; and a listing of organizations and support groups where you can obtain additional information about the illness.
MediFocus Guides are the perfect solution for consumers who wish to gain an in-depth understanding of their medical issue and avail themselves of the same type of professional level medical information that is used by physicians and other health-care professionals to help then in the clinical decision making process.
© Copyright 2000-2001 Medifocus.com, Inc. All rights reserved.
Click here for more information.
MediFocus MedCenter ©
Congestive Heart Failure (CR007)
Introduction
Congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the heart muscle is not able to pump enough blood to satisfy the metabolic needs of the tissues. Heart failure may be due to a primary disease of the heart muscle, which is called cardiomyopathy, or may be secondary to diseases which affect the heart muscle such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, or various diseases of the heart valves.
Heart failure is divided into various types. Left-sided heart failure is failure of the left ventricle (larger chamber that pumps blood to the body). This may result in fluid accumulating in the lungs and the patient complaining of shortness of breath. Right-sided failure is failure of the right ventricle (chamber that pumps to the lungs) and may result in fluid accumulating in the abdomen and in the ankles.
Heart failure is further subdivided into systolic dysfunction, which is an abnormality of contraction of the pumping chambers of the heart and diastolic dysfunction where the pumping chamber may be contracting normally but does not relax properly, i.e., they are stiff. It is important to try to understand the difference types of heart failure since the treatment may vary depending on the type.
Treatment usually consists of lifestyle alterations and a combination of medications, although surgery may be recommended in some cases.
Get the Facts... With your MediFocus Guide
The Medifocus Guide on Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) provides answers to the following important questions and medical issues:
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What are the most common symptoms of CHF?
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Are there any recognized risk factors for developing CHF?
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What kinds of medical tests are used to establish the diagnosis of CHF?
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What is the current standard of care for the treatment of CHF?
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What treatment options are available for the management of CHF?
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Are there any promising new developments or potential breakthroughs in treatment?
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Who are the most notable medical authorities who specialize in CHF?
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Where are the leading hospitals and centers of research for CHF?
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What are the most important questions to ask my doctor about CHF?
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What Your Doctor Reads:
This MediFocus Guide contains an extensive listing of citations and abstracts of recent journal articles that have been published about this condition in trustworthy medical journals. This is the same type of information that is available to physicians and other health care professionals. A partial selection of journal articles that are abstracted in this MediFocus Guide includes:
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Chronic heart failure. A guide for practical management.
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Australian Family Physician. 2000
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Heart failure: future treatment approaches.
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American Journal of Hypertension. 2000
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Role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the progression of heart failure: therapeutic implications.
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Drugs. 2000
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Catabolism in chronic heart failure.
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European Heart Journal. 2000
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Epidemiology, aetiology, and prognosis of heart failure.
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Heart. 2000
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Vital epidemiologic clues in heart failure.
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Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2000
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Optimising management of patients with advanced heart failure: the importance of preventing progression.
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Drugs & Aging. 2000
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Systematic review of the management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure.
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European Heart Journal. 2000
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Essentials of the diagnosis of heart failure.
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American Family Physician. 2000
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Diastolic heart failure.
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Cardiovascular Research. 2000
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MediFocus Guides... When You Need Trustworthy Medical Information
MediFocus.com understands that consumers who are facing serious medical issues need access to credible, up-to-date medical information to help them make informed health-care decisions. That's why we've developed the MediFocus Guides...the most advanced and trustworthy patient research guides for over 200 chronic and life-threatening conditions. Each MediFocus Guide includes a detailed overview of the condition including information about diagnosis, treatment options, cutting-edge research, and new developments; excerpts of important journal articles from the current medical literature focusing on standard treatments and treatment options; a directory of leading authors and medical institutions who specialize in the treatment of the condition; and a listing of organizations and support groups where you can obtain additional information about the illness.
MediFocus Guides are the perfect solution for consumers who wish to gain an in-depth understanding of their medical issue and avail themselves of the same type of professional level medical information that is used by physicians and other health-care professionals to help then in the clinical decision making process.
© Copyright 2000-2001 Medifocus.com, Inc. All rights reserved.
Click here for more information.
MediFocus MedCenter ©
Hyperlipidemia/Hypercholesterolemia (CR008)
Introduction
Cholesterol (also called lipid) is a fat-like substance that deposits in the walls of blood vessels. It can contribute to the development of heart disease in certain individuals. Hypercholesterolemia is the clinical term for high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Other related terms used are high cholesterol, hyperlipidemia, and dyslipidemia.
While cholesterol is the most commonly referred-to element of the lipid profile, there are several elements that are tested, with differing significance of elevated or low levels. The desirable levels of the different elements vary somewhat depending on the presence of other risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD).
Hyperlipidemia is known to be a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis (plaques that cause blockage of blood vessels) and is the greatest risk factor for the development of CAD. In the U.S., 500,000 men and women die of CAD each year.
High cholesterol is not always due to dietary intake of saturated foods. There are also hereditary disorders of cholesterol over-production and deposition. This is called familial hypercholesterolemia and can be difficult to treat.
There are a variety of medications now available which are designed to achieve the desired changes in the lipid profile. These, in conjunction with dietary and lifestyle interventions are the bases of treatment for hyperlipidemia.
Get the Facts... With your MediFocus Guide
The Medifocus Guide on Hyperlipidemia provides answers to the following important questions and medical issues:
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What are the most common symptoms of hyperlipidemia?
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Are there any recognized risk factors for developing hyperlipidemia?
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What kinds of medical tests are used to establish the diagnosis of hyperlipidemia?
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What is the current standard of care for the treatment of hyperlipidemia?
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What treatment options are available for the management of hyperlipidemia?
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Are there any promising new developments or potential breakthroughs in treatment?
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Who are the most notable medical authorities who specialize in hyperlipidemia?
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Where are the leading hospitals and centers of research for hyperlipidemia?
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What are the most important questions to ask my doctor about hyperlipidemia?
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What Your Doctor Reads:
This MediFocus Guide contains an extensive listing of citations and abstracts of recent journal articles that have been published about this condition in trustworthy medical journals. This is the same type of information that is available to physicians and other health care professionals. A partial selection of journal articles that are abstracted in this MediFocus Guide includes:
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Low density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering: are the treatment guidelines still appropriate?.
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International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2000
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Lipid levels. Applying the second National Cholesterol Education Program report to geriatric medicine.
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Geriatrics. 2000
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Hyperlipidemia.
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Primary Care; Clinics in Office Practice. 2000
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Mechanism of the deadly quartet.
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Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2000
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Insights on treating an over-the-counter-type subgroup: data from the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study Population.
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American Journal of Cardiology. 2000
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Bridging the treatment gap.
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American Journal of Cardiology. 2000
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Hyperlipidemia: diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives.
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Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2000
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Hypercholesterolemia. Is lipid-lowering worthwhile for older patients?.
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Geriatrics. 2000
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Treating elevated lipids. Does it make a difference?.
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Australian Family Physician. 2000
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Issues in managing hyperlipidaemia.
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Australian Family Physician. 2000
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MediFocus Guides... When You Need Trustworthy Medical Information
MediFocus.com understands that consumers who are facing serious medical issues need access to credible, up-to-date medical information to help them make informed health-care decisions. That's why we've developed the MediFocus Guides...the most advanced and trustworthy patient research guides for over 200 chronic and life-threatening conditions. Each MediFocus Guide includes a detailed overview of the condition including information about diagnosis, treatment options, cutting-edge research, and new developments; excerpts of important journal articles from the current medical literature focusing on standard treatments and treatment options; a directory of leading authors and medical institutions who specialize in the treatment of the condition; and a listing of organizations and support groups where you can obtain additional information about the illness.
MediFocus Guides are the perfect solution for consumers who wish to gain an in-depth understanding of their medical issue and avail themselves of the same type of professional level medical information that is used by physicians and other health-care professionals to help then in the clinical decision making process.
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